فصلنامه زیست شناسی جانوری تجربی
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 42، پاییز 1401)

So far, 13 species were recently recognized in the Iranian basins. In the present study the variation among A. eichwaldii, A. namaki, A. idignensis, and A. nicolausi, A. qanati A. petrubanarescui has been investigated from morphological and molecular approaches. To study the morphological characteristic, 144 specimens of these six species were used, on which 22 morphometrics were measured. Nine meristics characteristics were counted. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), discriminant analysis, and principal component analysis was performed. In the molecular studies, sequences of the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome b from six species were sequenced and analyzed. The morphological results of the data showed a high similarity among species, but could separate A. nicolausi and A. idignensis according to the PC1. Also A. idignensis and A. petrubanarescui are more similar based on the PC2. Moreover, based on meristic characteristics which were relatively similar, again A. nicolausi and A. idignensis could be separated by the first component. The phylogenetic analysis using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Maximum-Parsimony (MP) methods supported the monophyletic status of the six species, suggesting their status as different species. The results of the molecular analysis showed that A. eichwaldii and A. petrubanarescui have the most similarity (about 99%) and the A. idignensis has the maximum difference (about 85%) with the other species. These results justify the results of morphometric analysis.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are cytotoxic agents that lead to significant oxidative damage. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a contaminant toxic, oxidative and estrogenic effects. Purslane is a promising natural product, which could be useful for the prevention of chronic diseases caused by oxidative stress. In this study 49 adult male rats (250 10g) were divided randomly in 7 groups (n=7): Control, Sham (500 ug corn oil\Kg BW), Toxin group (500ug BPA\kg BW), Positive control (100mg purslane hydroalcoholic extract\kg BW) and 3 purslane treated groups (500ug BPA + 50,100&150 mg purslane\kg BW). All injections are done by i.p rout in 14 consequently days. At the end of administration time (14 day) all animals were anesthetized with Chloral hydrate and sacrificed, then liver samples isolated to preparing tissue homogenates for measure antioxidant enzymes including SOD, CAT, TAC, GPX and MDA. Data are analyzed in SPSS statistical software by one way ANOVA with Tukey posttest. Analyzed data showed that MDA, TAC, CAT, GSH and GPX measures are modified in purslane treated groups compared to the bisphenol A group which indicates that the portulaca oleracea extract can improve the hepatotoxicity of bisphenol A induced.

Prolongation of wound healing time can be led to chronic infections. Therefor, to achieve infection preventive methods to accelerate of wound improvement process is one of essential needs of Human. In this study, the effects of methanolic extract of Holothuria leucospilota was investigated on restoration of created wound in rat skin.  Methanolic extracts of collected sea cucumber from depth of 10 to 15 meters was prepared by rotary. The amount of  0.5 and 1 gr of obtained extraction were added to base ointment. In continuing, 40 rats (average mean of 185±5 gr) were divided into 4 groups which included control, sham (base cream), 0.5% ointment and 1% ointment. Wound (diameter of 6±1 mm) was created on rats’ skin by punch biopsy.  Each group were treated (1ml) with prepared concentrations ointment during 13 days. On days of 0, 4, 7, 10 and 13, the wound improvement process was investigated and the diameter of the wounds was measured. According to results, accelerate the wound recovery process was more obvious in treated groups with 0.5% and 1% ointment compared to control and sham groups. Also, there was significant different between treated group with 1%, sham and control during days of 7, 10, 13 (P<0.05).

Isfahan basin, with 18 species of fish, has a relatively good variety of fish among the Endorheic basins of Iran. In previous studies, the presence of one species of the pupfishes family Aphaniidae was recorded in this basin. However, a recent report of the presence of Esmaeilius vladykovi based on morphological evidence from this basin has been recorded, which needs further investigation. For this purpose, samples of E. isfahanensis, E. vladykovi were obtained from their type localities and Hoz mahi village (where the presence of a new species has been reported) by electro fisher and Hand net. After DNA extraction from the samples, their COI gene was amplified in a thermocycler and then sequenced. Subsequent sequences of other species in this family were obtained from the NCBI Gene Bank. The best evolutionary model and the phylogenetic tree were selected and drawn by IQTREE. The results of the phylogenetic tree showed that at least nine valid species of this family are present in Iran. In addition, due to the location of specimens in the village of Hoz Mahi in the cluster of specimens caught from the type locality of E. vladykovi, the presence of this species in the Isfahan and Sirjan basin was confirmed. Also, due to the few genetic distance observed between the population of Isfahan and Sirjan basin and Karun, it was possible that this species was transferred to mentioned basin by local people.

Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari:Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pests in plants, especially crops that it has high reproduction and ability to develop resistance to chemical pesticides. Considering the increasing of environmental pollution due to chemical pesticides, the use of plant extracts has received much attention as an alternative method due to their acaricidal activity. Therefore, this experiment was performed to determine the chemical compounds of Momordica charantia fruit extract and toxicity of hexane and ethanolic extracts of this plant on adults of two-spotted spider mite in a completely randomized design with the control in four replications for fumigant and contact toxicities and repellent activity. After 24 hours, the mortality of mites was recorded. The results of bioassays showed that the mortality rate of mites and the repellent effect elevated with increasing the concentration of M. charantia extracts. The hexane extract of M. charantia at the concentration of 1000 μg/cm2 had the highest mortality (75.56%) in contact toxicity. Ethanolic extract at the concentration of 1000 μl/l air had the highest mortality (79.89%) of mite in fumigant toxicity. The repellent effect increased to 80%, 5 hours after application of ethanolic extract by increasing the concentration from 200 μl. In M. charantia fruit extract, sixteen different compounds were identified in which monoterpenoids, linalool oxide, limonene oxide, and 8-hydroxilinalool, had the highest amount. Therefore, the ethanolic extract of M. charantia in high concentrations can be recommended due to its monoterpenoids to protect plants, especially crops, against two-spotted spider mite.

Different acidifiers have been introduced for animal nutrition in terms of type of organic acids and their composition. This study aimed to investigate the effects of consumption acidifier obtained from a mixture of organic acids (containing formic, citric, propionic and acetic acid and their salts) on the broiler chicks growth performance and some intestinal parameters .Therefore, one hundred eighty 1-d old male Ross broiler chicks were studid in a completely randomized design to 3  nutritional treatments with 6 replicates and 10 broiler chicks in each replicate, from d 0 to 35 posthatch. The treatments included 1. a  corn-soybean based commercial diet or Un-supplemnted diet (Control), 2. Control diet supplemented with acidifier daily and 3. Control diet supplemented with acidifier every other day. All of dietary treatments were formulated to meet the National Research Council (1994) and Ross nutrient requirements for starter (1 to 11 d), grower (12 to 24 d), and finisher (25 to 35 d) growth periods. The results showed that in the starter and grower phase, feed intake in groups 2 and 3 that had consumpted organic acids were less than control group or un-supplemented organic acids  (P˂0.05). In the starter phase, mean of  body weight gain of un-suplemented group or control was higher than the groups 2 and 3 or supplemented daily and every other day group, respectively  (P˂0.05); but experimental groups showed no significant change in their body weight gain during grower and finisher phases as well as whole rearing period affected by consumption of organic acids. The group  2 (daily supplemented) had better feed conversion ratio than control group during growth period (P˂0.05). The mean of ileal Enterobacteriaceae counts for the groups that had consumpted acidifiers (daily or  every other day) were significantly lower than control group (P˂0.05). The mean of villus length, villus width, crypt depth and villus height to crypt depth ratio of the ileum had no significant difference between groups affected by consumption of organic acids. The pH of ileal and duodenal contents between groups showed no significancy. The results of the present study revealed that supplemented diets with organic acids can reduce some of intestinal pathogens, improve the feed conversion ratio. Daily consumption of Organic acids was more effective than when it was consumption every other day for the bird growth performance characteristics.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most serious global health problems, and its occurrence increases with age. Considering the relationship between aging and metabolic disorders, it seems that each year a large number of elderly people die due to cardiovascular diseases caused by these factors. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of four weeks of intense interval training along with the consumption of tryptophan supplementation on cardiac damage index in elderly diabetic rats. In this experimental study, 40 diabetic elderly rats were randomly divided into four groups, each group having 10 rats. These were control, sham, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and HIIT+tryptophan supplementation (at a dose of 50 mg/kg) groups. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) was measured in each group. The results showed that the levels of LDH, AST, and CK-MB in the diabetic control group were significantly higher compared to the healthy control group (P= 0.05). Moreover, the LDH level in the HIIT + tryptophan group was significantly lower than that in the diabetic control group (P= 0.03). AST levels in the tryptophan, HIIT (P=0.001), and HIIT+tryptophan groups (P=0.001) were significantly lower compared to the diabetic control group (P= 0.001). Based on the obtained results, the indicators of heart disease improved with exercise and consumption of tryptophan. However, further studies are recommended to investigate the effects of intensity and type of training as well as the dosage of tryptophan in this regard.